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Item Plant Biotechnology(Skyfox Publishing Group, 2020) Ramasamy, SakthivelAn important aspect of all biotechnology processes is the culture of either the plants cells or animal cells or microorganisms (Fig. 1). The cells in culture can be used for recombinant DNA technology, genetic manipulations etc. Plant cell culture or the plant tissue culture is based on the unique property of the cell-totipotency. The concept of modern plant biotechnology originated in the year 1838, from the Cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann, which emphasises cell as the primary unit of all living things. In 1902, the concept of totipotency (The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism) was put forth by Galberlandt citing the production of somatic embryos from vegetative cells. From then on with leaping steps of technology growth Biotechnology hadstrodeahead. Plant biotechnology has succeeded in development of transgenic plant which has now become the nodal point for many applications for plant biotechnology.Item Advanced Biology(Skyfox Publishing Group, 2020) Ramasamy, SakthivelA cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells. All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy. Cells are complex, and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes. Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have the number of cells compared to that of bacteria. Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.Item Studies on Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Allium Cepa L., Mentha Arensis L., and Mirabilis Jalapa L.(Our Heritage, 2020) Ramasamy, SakthivelIn ethanomedical practices the traditional healers use Allium cepa L., Menthaarvensis L., and Mirabilis jalapa L., in the treatment of various ailments. Scientific parameters are used to identify the true plant material and to ensure its quality. The powder of three plants have shown the presence of tannin, flavanoid, anthocyanin, glucosides, phenol, carbohydrates, saponin, alkaloids are predominantly present in which tannin, flavanoids and anthocyanin are of medicinal importance.Item Phycoremediation of Industrial Effluent from Tannary in Peranampattu and Ambur area of Palar River(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthivelThe leather industry represents an important economic sector in many countries. On the other hand, it generates large amounts of wastewater containing ammonium ion, sulphides, surfactants, acids, dyes, sulfonated oils and organic substances including natural or synthetic tannins agents. Tannery wastewater treatment is very complex, due to the addition of large number of chemicals in several concentrations. The treatments of these effluents using physical - chemical methods alone are quite expensive technologies. Hence the present work is focused on biological treatment to reduce the pollutants of tannery effluents and through micro algal treatment process taken from the tannery industries Peranampattuand AmburPalar River effluents, Tamil Nadu, India. The effluent samples were characterized by measurements of Physico – chemical properties, such as, BOD, COD, etc.,. In our findings we observed that the consortium of Microalgal species such as Chlorella vulgaris andScenedesmusdimorphusat various ratios (Control, 100:400, 200:300, 250:250, 300:200, 400:100 of algae and effluent concentration respectively) effectively reduces the TDS, COD and BOD level of effluents which was confirmed by the Physico-Chemical measurements at regular interval of 7 days for a period of 21 days. The concentration of algal consortium and effluent 250:250 was found to effectively reduce TDS, BOD and COD levels when compared to individuals. Hence this technology avoids use of chemicals and the whole process of effluent treatment is simplified to make it and eco-friendly & economical.Item Organic Liquid Detegent Formulation and its Biodegradability Potential – An Evaluation(Journal of Fundamental & Comparative Research, 2022) Ramasamy, SakthivelHuge quantities of water are wasted due to poor management of the water system by humans. Water is used in two different ways, consumptive use and non-consumptive use. Depletion of energy reserves, ecosystem health, water security and other sustainability challenges are undermined behind wasting the water. Hence there is a threat to the freshwater resources all over the world in both developed and developing countries. It is also recorded that numerous strategies have been adopted to reduce, recycle and reuse the freshwater so as a conserved sustainable utility (Stanley et al., 2012). It is also recorded that an estimated 1 billion lack access to drinking water and 2.7 billion people lack access to sanitation (Varosmarthyet al., 2011). Both in developed and developing countries overlapping challenges are felt with reference to the freshwater management biodiversity (WHO 2008). The study involving the formulation of an organic liquid detergent was carried out in accordance with the standard protocol. Realising the need for effective conservation, the paper aims at encouraging people to adopt a cost-effective product that will be eco-friendly and inert the water conservation for future and present generations.Item Low-cost, post-harvest preservation of fresh Ginger - Zingiber officinale rhizome during winter in Lusaka, Zambia(2020) K. Sripathi, Sumathi; Ramasamy, SakthivelIn Zambia, fresh ginger is the ultimate home remedy to many common ailments as common cold, sore throat and indigestion. They supply and availability of Ginger are greatly curtailed to the common man by lack of post-harvest and storage facilities coupled with high cost. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify a low-cost post-harvest technology to preserve ginger during the winter season of Lusaka, Zambia. The current study found that the clay-covered ginger can be stored up to 6 months at room temperature during the winter months from May to October in Lusaka, Zambia. Thus, the keeping quality of fresh ginger was extended the availability of fresh ginger rhizome in off-seasons for all walks of people.Item Identification of Novel Biomarker for the Medicinally Important Speceis of selaginella using MALDI TOF Ms Analysis(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthiveMALDI profiling has become a good tool for the discovery and validation of biomarkers. In the present study, MALDI-TOF MS has been applied as a tool to identify the biochemical (protein) similarities and variations among the selected Selaginella species viz., Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring, Selaginella inaequalifolia (Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring, Selaginella tenera (Hook & Grev.) Spring, Selaginella wightii Hieron., Selaginella brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, Selaginella repanda (Desv.) Spring, Selaginella radicata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Bak and Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston from their natural habitats of South India. MALDI-TOF MS characterization of Selaginella species collected from various localities of South India expressed different ion peaks ranged from 0 - 1, 00,000 kDa. A total of 556 ranging from 491 to 99939 m/z values MALDI-TOF MS spectral peaks were observed. Among the spectral profile of ten Selaginella species, S. involvens displayed maximum number (84) of spectral peaks ranged from 527 to 99215 m/z values and S. radicata depicted minimum number (21) of spectral peaks varied from 694 to 91754 m/z values. Totally, 139 spectral peaks showed the inter-species resemblance among the studied medicinally important Selaginella species. The cladogram constructed based on the unique spectral values displayed both monophyletic group and paraphyletic taxon. The distinguished character of S. tenera, S. involvens, S. wightii, S. brachystachya, S. repanda and S. delicatula is confirmed in the cladogram by the presence of unique m/z values. The unique m/z values can be act as a biochemical marker to identify the specific Selaginella species in chemosystematics and pharmaceutical industries.Item Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Ecbolium viride, Gendarussa vulgaris and Sphaeranthus amaranthoides in NASH Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wister Rats(Parishodh Journal, 2020) Ramasamy, SakthivelNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) caused due to over-nutrition, decreased physical activity with disproportionate high-fat food intake, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the metabolic syndrome characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation and progressive pericellular fibrosis. This hepatic disease cannot be remedied by chemicals its addition may lead to complication. Hence herbal drug is the possible remedy. The hepatoprotective effect of Ecbolium viride, Gendarussa vulgaris and Sphaeranthus amaranthoides were monitored by estimating the Triglycerides(TG),Total cholesterol(TC),Low density lipoprotein(LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Aspartate transaminases (AST), Alanine transaminases (ALT), Alkaline phospatases (ALP), and Lactate dehydrogenases (LDH).Plant extracts singly or in combination at a dose of 2g/kg significantly prevented the increase in serum level inliver. Theantioxidant enzymes following D- Galactosamine and diet induced hepatoxicity in albino rats was reversed by plant extracts.Item First report of freshwater microalgae from Ruvuma river, Songea, Tanzania, East Africa(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthivelThe present work deals with the 24 fresh water algal samples and description of 46 taxa of biodiversity of fresh water algae from Ruvuma river, Songea, Tanzania, East Africa. Collection of 24 fresh water algal samples were carried out during September 2015 to December 2015. Samples were examined in the laboratory and identified. The following micro algae were present Actinastrum (1), Pediastrum (3), Desmodesmus (1), Scenedesmus (2), Spirogyra (3), Penium (1), Closterium (3), Cosmarium (5), Euastrum (1), Staurastrum (1), Melosira (1), Synedra (2), Fragilaria (1), Nitzschia (1), Caloneis (1), Stauronesis (1), Navicula (2), Gomphonema (3), Euglena (2), Phacus (2), Trachelomonas (3), Chroococcus (1), Gomphosphaeria (1), Oscillatoria (3), Anabaena (1) were first time recorded and report. Algae are described with photographs.Item Evaluating the Genetic Affinity of Selaginella species Using Different Isozymic Profiles(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthivelThe present study was intended to identify the genetic variability among the selected species of Selaginella viz., Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring, Selaginella inaequalifolia (Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring & Selaginella tenera (Hook & Grev.) Spring), Selaginella wightii Hieron., Selaginella brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring & Selaginella repanda (Desv.) Spring, Selaginella radicata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Bak, Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston with cones), Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston without cones were collected from Western Ghats, South India using different isozymic profiles. PAGE was carried out using standard procedure of Sadasivam and Manickam (1991). The isoenzymes selected for the study includes, esterase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase. Multiple regions of activity with a total of thirty eight esterase bands, sixty six peroxidase bands, sixty three acid phosphatase bands, forty eight alkaline phosphatase bands and twelve polyphenol oxidase bands were observed in the isozymic system of studied Selaginella species. Unique banding profiles of esterase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase which observed in the studied Selaginella species were used to distinguish the selected Selaginella species and these isozymic profiles will act as biochemical fingerprint for the studied species in plant systematic studies.Item Enumeration of Total Coliform Faecel Bacteria at two different Fish Landing Centres of Tuticorin(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthivelThe present investigation was aimed to explore the total coliform, Streptococcus aureus and faecel Streptococcus counts of the sea water from two selected fish landing stations of Tuticorin viz., Thirespuram and Sinthathirai matha kovil areas during 2007-2008. Formation of coliforms are analysed by standard procedure of MPN (Oblinger and Koburger, 1975) and IMVIC test (Poers and Latt, 1977). Enumeration of faecel coliform was detected by membrane filter technique (Bernasoni et al., 2006). The faecel streptococcal screening was carried out using multiple tube dilution method explained by Grasso et al., (2000). The results of two studied stations revealed that, station 2 encountered maximum Streptococcus aureus and faecel Streptococcus count in sea water [1400 MPN/100ml]. At station 1 and 2, maximum coliform count in sea water is 1600 MPN / 100 ml. The sediment samples at station 2 showed maximum total coliform counts [50 cfu / g]. The flesh of fin fish sample also showed invariably higher total coliform and fecal Streptococcus counts at station 2. The total coliform count of fish sample at both stations is recorded above the maximum permissible limit [5200 cfu /g]. Station 1 showed maximum Streptococcous aureus count in fish sample. Of the 2 stations studied, station 2 Sinthathirai matha kovil recorded maximum total coliform and faecel bacteria counts in water than the other station. Thus the results of present study is a preliminary account and it clearly indicates that a systematic study at these two important landing centres viz., Thirespuram and Sinthathirai matha kovil areas over the period of time during 2007-2008.Item In-Silico Approach for Potential Drug Target in Human Mutant Complex with Nadph and AG-881 Inhibitor(Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 2025) Murugesan, Anbu MegalaThe drug discovery has undergone a significant transformation with the advent of computational approaches, enabling rapid identification and evaluation of potential therapeutic candidates. In-silico methods such as molecular docking, structural stability analysis, and toxicity prediction have become essential tools for exploring drug-target interactions. This study employs a computational approach to investigate potential drug targets in a human mutant complex bound to NADPH and AG-881 (Vorasidenib) inhibitor, with a particular focus on two promising compounds: Tovorafenib and Curcumin. Mutations in key regulatory proteins often lead to structural and functional alterations, which can contribute to the progression of various diseases, including cancer and metabolic disorders. Understanding how these mutations influence drug binding is crucial for designing effective targeted therapies. AG-881 is known for its selective inhibition of mutant enzymes, but alternative compounds such as Tovorafenib and Curcumin could provide new therapeutic avenues. Tovorafenib, a kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in targeting oncogenic mutations, particularly in RAF kinase-driven malignancies, while Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Despite these promising attributes, the binding efficiency, stability, and toxicity profiles of these compounds in the context of the studied mutant complex remain unexplored. To evaluate their potential, molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock, an automated docking tool that predicts ligand binding sites and ranks interactions based on binding affinity. Structural stability analysis was conducted using PyMOL, where root mean square deviation (RMSD) calculations were used to assess conformational changes and the stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Additionally, the toxicity profiles of Tovorafenib and Curcumin were predicted using toxicity identification tools, which evaluates hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and overall drug-likeness. This study aims to determine the binding affinities of Tovorafenib and Curcumin with the mutant complex, analyze their impact on structural stability, and compare their toxicity profiles. By integrating these computational techniques, we aim to provide insights into the feasibility of repurposing these compounds for potential therapeutic applications. The results of this study could contribute to the ongoing efforts in precision medicine by identifying promising drug candidates that warrant further experimental validation through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Leveraging in-silico approaches for drug discovery enhances our ability to identify novel treatments efficiently, reducing the time and cost associated with traditional drug development methods [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5].Item In Silico Drug Design in Human Apotosis Inducing Factor(AIF) in Lund Cancer(Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 2025) Murugesan, Anbu MegalaThe malignant condition known as lung cancer is characterized by unchecked growth in the lung's tissues or cells. This aberrant growth develops into a tumour known as a carcinoma. If it is not appropriately or quickly treated, it may metastasize to other areas of the body. In multicellular organisms, apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death in which the cell goes through a sequence of biochemical events that promote cell development, eliminate undesirable cells, preserve tissue integrity, and stop the spread of cancer. It is the cell's method of carrying out a controlled suicide. The cell shrinks, develops blebs, and breaks apart its DNA during apoptosis. Apoptotic cell mutations can result in tissue damage, tumour growth, unchecked cell division, and neurodegenerative diseases. causing apoptosis. Mutations in apoptotic cells can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, tumor development, tissue damage, and neurodegenerative disorders. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial protein involved in both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways. AIF was initially characterized as a cell death mediator and plays an important role in lung cancer. Coiled-Coil-Helix, domain containing Protein 4, or CHCHD4, is involved in oxidative stress regulation and mitochondrial health maintenance. CHCHD4 plays a role in the cellular reaction to damage by interacting with proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. CHCHD4 may have an impact on lung cancer cell survival, particularly in the presence of oxidative stress, which is typical of cancer cells. Computer-aided drug design (CADD), also known as in silico drug design, is a computational method that uses bioinformatics tools to find molecules that resemble drugs. The biological and physicochemical characteristics of possible drug candidates are analysed and predicted with the aid of these tools. Because it offers tools and techniques for analyzing vast amounts of biological data, forecasting drug-target interactions, modelling protein structures, and simulating molecular interactions, bioinformatics is essential to in-silico drug design. This research could pave the way for more effective therapies targeting mitochondrial functions and cell death pathways in cancer, bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical application in drug discovery to improve patient outcomes.Item Biodiversity of Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae) from Cement Factories in and arounded areas of Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu.(European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, SakthivelThe present paper deals with 114 taxa of Chlorococcales were recorded from different water bodies of Eight Cement factories and nearby Twenty sites of Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu. These belong to 28 genera. e.g. Chlamydomonas (3), Pandorina (2), Volvox (1), Chlorosarcina (1), Characium (1), Chlorococcum (3), Ettlia (1), Chlorella (6), Golenkinia (1), Tetraedron (11), Keratococcus (1), Oocystis (2), Actinastrum (2), Ankistrodesmus (4), Dactylococcus (1), Kirchneriella (3), Monoraphidium (4), Selenastrum (3), Dictyosphaerium (4), Dimorphococcus (1), Westella (2), Pediastrum (13), Coelastrum (7), Crucigenia (4), Tetrastrum (1), Tedrastrum (1), Desmodesmus (3), Scenedesmus (28). All these microalgal species were recorded first time from this region and out of these 44 species reported first from Tamil Nadu.Item A Study on Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Piper betel varieties (Kamar and Kumbakonam Vetrilai)(International Journal on Recent Advancement in Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, 2019) Ramasamy, SakthivelPiper betel is a well-known ethno-botanical medicinal plant whose leaf is known to possess antiseptic, antileshmian and antimicrobial properties. Considering these properties a preliminary study on the phytochemicals presentin Piper betel was carried to find the presence of any new antibacterial compounds. Two varieties (Kamar and Kumbakonamvetrilai) of Piper betel leaves were collected from various local markets. Fresh and dry leaf samples were used for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity. Based on the qualitative analysis of Piper betel it was found to contain Tannins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides and Glycosides. The extract was obtained from dried leaves using ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform and also aqueous extract was obtained. Using these crude extracts an attempt was made to find out their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity studies showed the prominent zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.Further, the isolation and identification of the extract using GC-MASS, HPTLC, NMR etc., will be carried out in future.Item A Research Analysis on Phytochemical and the Activities of Antibacterial in Piper betel varieties (Kaara Vetrilai and Vellai Vetrilai)(International Journal on Recent Advancement in Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, 2019) Ramasamy, SakthivelPiper betel is a well-known ethno-botanical medicinal plant whose leaf is known to possess antiseptic, antileslmian and antimicrobial properties. Considering these properties a preliminary study on the phytochemical present in Piper betel was carried to find the presence of any new antibacterial compounds .Two varieties (Kaaravetrilai and Vellaivetrilai) of Piper betel leaves were collected from the various local markets. Fresh and dry leaf sample were used for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity. Based on the qualitative analysis of Piper betel it was found to contain Tannins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides and Glycosides .The extract was obtained from dried leaves using ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform and also aqueous extract was obtained using these crude extract an attempt was made to find out their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity studies showed the prominent zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Further, the isolation and identification of the extract using GC-MASS, HPTLC, NMR etc., will be carried out in future.Item Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Emblica officinalis and Their Role in Mercury (II) Chloride Detoxification(International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2025) Chelliah, RamalakshmiIn this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using an aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis, serving as a green, sustainable reducing and stabilizing agent. UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the formation of AgNPs, with a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 382.04 nm, indicative of well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. The biosynthesized AgNPs were subsequently utilized to evaluate their potential in degrading mercury(II) chloride (HgCl2). Time-dependent UV-Vis analysis revealed a gradual and significant decline in the characteristic absorbance peaks of HgCl2, particularly at 302 nm, over a 48-hour period. This indicates effective degradation and possible reduction of mercury ions, facilitated by the catalytic and adsorptive properties of the nanoparticles. The findings demonstrate the dual functionality of E. officinalis-mediated AgNPs as both nanocatalysts and sorbents, offering a promising, eco-friendly approach for heavy metal remediation in aquatic environments.