School of Health Science

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    A Review on Anticancer Activity of Some Plant-Derived Compounds and Their Mode of Action
    (Nat Prod Chem Re, 2018) Ravichadran,Tesfaye
    Cancer is a set of malignancies that has in common the aggravated and uncontrolled cellular growth, as well as the capacity of cellular invasion to different organs of the primary site. The ability of cancer cells to evade homeostasis and proliferate uncontrollably while avoiding programmed cell death/apoptosis is acquired through mutations to key signaling molecules, which regulate pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. Compounds of plant origin, including food components, have attracted scientific attention for use as agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Many pharmaceutical agents have been discovered by screening natural products from plants. The exploration into natural products offers great opportunity to evaluate new chemical classes of anticancer agents as well as study novel and potentially relevant mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action of plant-derived anticancer drugs possibly activate macrophages, induce apoptosis, and prevent oxidative damage of DNA, thereby controlling carcinogenesis that may be intrinsic or extrinsic. The present review summarizes the works so far conducted on this aspect with a view to provide a baseline information for promoting the plant-derived anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease
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    An Empirical Study on Assessment of Knowledge on Diabetes Mellitus, Medication Usage and Complications for Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Kafue General Hospital, Zambia
    (GIS SCIENCE JOURNAL, 2021) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The research articles is to measure the knowledge on Diabetes, medication usage and its complications for type 2 diabetic patients at the Kafue General Hospital. 50 patients with Diabetes mellitus type 2 were taken in this research. The paper was used by Random sampling method. A cross-sectional and descriptive study as taken on the diabetic type 2 patients. 50 questionnaires were administered to the diabetic type 2 patients to assess their knowledge on Diabetes type 2, its medication usage and complications. Data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. The level of knowledge of the patients’ were asked through the questions about on symptoms of hypoglycemia, type of medication taken and when to take their medication in regards to food as well as complications of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Knowledge about hypoglycemia was considered to be adequate if the patient could correctly identify eating sugary foods as an action to take when the patient’s blood sugar level had gone low. Knowledge in terms of gender, more females 26 (58%) than males 24 (48%) contributed to the study. The knowledge about diabetes was higher in patients with tertiary qualification, those with positive family history of diabetes, those with long length of diagnosis and those with type 2 diabetic complications. The present study has shown that type 2 Diabetic patient’s diabetic patients in the area under study had a poor level of knowledge about complications, management of hypoglycemia, consumption of alcohol in relation to medication and the regular checkup of blood sugar.
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    Biomimetic Graphene Oxide-Xanthan Gum-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold For Bone Tissue Engineering
    (The Tunisian Chemical Society and Springer Nature Switerland AG, 2022) Ravichadran,Vanpeene,Rajesh,Kuo,Gure
    Purpose In recent years, tissue engineering scaffolds have gained popularity as a replacement for metallic/synthetic implants and tissue grafts
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    Comparison of Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children between Two Different Socio-Economic Areas of Lusaka District-Chipata and Matero Compounds
    (International Journal of Recent Innovation in Food Science & Nutrition, 2023) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    According to the World Health Organization, over three million children under the age of five die each year from environment-related conditions, such as malnutrition, lack of accessto clean water, and the risk of infections. To better understand this issue, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the nutritional status of under five children in two different socio-economic areas of Lusaka: Chipata and Matero compounds. The study aimed to assess the nutritional status of under five children, the socio-economic level of the parents, and the dietary history of the children. Data was collected using a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements for 50 children, whose mothers/caregivers were also interviewed. The results showed that 16% of under five children in Chipata had severe acute malnutrition, while only 4% in Matero had this condition. On the other hand, 64% of children in Matero were well-nourished, compared to 48% in Chipata. Additionally, 64% of children in Chipata were stunted (16% severely stunted, 12% moderately stunted, and 36% mildly stunted), while 56% of children in Matero were stunted (28% severely stunted and 28% mildly stunted). The dietary history of the children revealed that Matero had a higher proportion of children who ate more than four meals a day (60%) compared to Chipata (36%). The study also looked at the socio-economic status of the parents. Out of 50 mothers, 42% in Matero had completed a high level of education (36% college and 8% university), while 88% in Chipata had completed a low level of education (36% primary and 52% secondary). Moreover, Matero had a higher proportion of employed mothers (48%) and those who received a high monthly income (24%) compared to Chipata, which had only 16% employed mothers and 12% who received a high monthly income.
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    Effects of Alcoholism on Nutrition and Recovery using Nutrition Management in Roma Township- Lusaka
    (International Journal of Recent Innovation in Food Science & Nutrition, 2023) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    Alcohol is a product that has provided a variety of functions for people throughout all history. From the ancient times to the modern world, alcohol has played an significant role in religion and worship. In the past, alcoholic beverages have been provided as sources of required nutrients and have been widely utilized as for their medicinal, antiseptic and analgesic properties. The aim and objective of this project was to look at nutritional problems created by consumption of alcoholic beverages, to look at the effect of alcohol on vitamins and to show how ones genes will affect their response to alcohol. This research was conducted in Serenity Harm Reduction Program Zambia (SHARPZ).
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    Introducing Psychology for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals
    (Pearson Education Limited, 2010) Dominic Upton
    What makes someone feel healthy? Why do some people respond differently under stress to others? Why don’t people always follow nursing advice? This second edition of Introducing Psychology for Nurses and Healthcare Professionalsprovides an accessible but thorough introduction to the key psychological theories and concepts which underpin nursing and healthcare, and clearly demonstrates how they can be applied in clinical practice. Using a research-led approach, each chapter guides you through important theories and topics in health psychology, such as lifespan and development, communication, and social processes, and helps you use your understanding to deliver better patient care.
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    Pesticide Infestation in Soil: Current Trends and Environmentally Benign Mitigation Approach
    (EM International, 2024) Chelliah, Ramalakshmi
    Chemical pesticides are often employed in agricultural fields in modern agriculture to boost crop output. These pesticides influence the activity and abundance of beneficial soil microbial communities, in addition to controlling insect pests. Chemical pesticides disrupt soil microbial activities, which may alter the soil’s ability to raise a crop. This has led to detrimental effects on soil ecosystem. With unprecedented use of pesticides, challenges related to bio-accumulation and bio-magnification has increased manifolds, which has necessitated pesticide removal by bio-degradation pathways. Pesticide degradation is influenced by a number of variables, including soil moisture, temperature, pH, pesticide composition and concentration. Insect pests and weeds in crops are effectively controlled with pesticides. This review examines pesticide associated risks, the mechanism of microbial degradation of pesticides, the factors that affect the degradation of pesticides and the new pesticides due to the substantial threat that pesticide residues pose to the environment and human health.
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    Study on the connection between Dietary lifestyle of People at Kasisi and Kabulonga, Zambia
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 2021) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The study focused on the connection between dietary lifestyle, nutrition and diet status among different groups of people from rural (Kasisi) and urban (Kabulonga) areas of the Chongwe and Lusaka Districts of Zambia. A cross-sectional study design that covered in this research article and well-structured questionnaires were covered for data collection. Simple random technique was utilized in the selection of the respondents from the two areas of this research sample people, which was divided into respondents from each area. SPSS was used to analysis the data. The study showed that there is a connection between dietary lifestyle, diet and nutritional status among different groups of people.
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    The Causes of Death in below Five Years Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) at the University Teaching Children’s Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
    (International Journal of Recent Innovation in Food Science & Nutrition, 2020) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    This study was aimed at finding the leading causes of death in these malnourished patients as mortality of children under five years of age with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in-patient set-ups in the sub-Saharan Africa still remains high. This was conducted on the inpatients with severe acute malnutrition. Both the complicated and uncomplicated ones were assessed without any exception and there was no exclusion. The patients aged 0 to 59 months were under study from the Malnutrition ward A07 at the University Teaching Children’s Hospital which occupies about 59 bed spaces. Data was collected from a sample of 50 respondents and was analyzed to produce results in relation to the objectives of the study. The tools used in the collection of data were questionnaires and observations. The SPSS was used for the analysis of the data in order to obtain the necessary information for the study and present the findings.
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    The GC–MS analysis of the diethylether and ethylacetate fraction of the peel of Solanum incanum and the study of their antibacterial activity
    (Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 2022) Ravichandran,Yetayih
    The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions of the peel of the fruit of Solanum incanum. (S. incanum) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). 105 compounds were identified in the diethyl ether fraction and 75 compounds were identified in ethyl acetate fraction. Among them, 5 compounds were analyzed by fragmentation pattern,discussed, and compared with NIST database. The antibacterial screening was also conducted for bothdiethyl ether and ethylacetate fractions of the fruit peel of S.incanum using four pathogens, two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia), at various concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/ml). The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions of the peel of S. incanum exhibited activity against E. coli and K. pneumonia at 1000 μg/ml concentration.
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    Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Action and Phytochemical Analysis of Carissa carandas Linn:A Review
    (Natural Products Chemistry & Research, 2018) Tesfaye,Ravichadran
    Starting from immemorial time; peoples traditionally used herbs and plants to treat different human and animals ailments. This initiated scientists to investigate on traditional medicinal plants and herbs for biological activities by checking through bioassay and then isolating the bioactive constituents from biologically active medicinal plants and herbs. The different parts of Carissa carandas have been used for various human ailments. It has been used by traditional healers in the treatment of scabies, intestinal worms, pruritus, biliousness, snake-bite/poisoning,astringent, anemia, stomachache, diarrhea, rheumatism, earache, anthelmintic, female libido, hyperdipsia, anorexia,intermittent, mouth ulcer and sore throat, syphilitic pain, burning sensation fever, biliary dysfunction and also used as appetizer, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-scorbutic. Its biological activities have been reported by different researchers as hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, anticancer, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, antinociceptive, anti-diabetic,anti-pyretic, cardiotonic, histamine releasing, DNA damage inhibition, constipation, anti-diarrheal, antihyperlipidemic,antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic potential and diuretic. Its phytochemical constituents which impart medicinal value to the plant was reported as alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, unsaturated sterols, phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, proteins, cardiac glycosides, phytosterol, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanin, chalcones, coumarin, anthracyanin, emodin, minerals acids, vitamins and anthraquinone glycosides. So far 14 compounds have been isolated from roots, 40 compounds from fruits and 19 compounds from leafs. These compounds include phenolic, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, simple acids, simple ester, sesquiterpenes, carboxylate, amino acids, glucose and galactose, sterols glycosides, phenolic lignin. Hence we reviewed the traditional uses, extraction methods, pharmacological uses and phytochemical constituents of Carissa carandas
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    Water the Indispensible reality of the Macrocosm-Case study as a learning tool for best practices.
    (International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 2018) K. Sripathi, Sumathi
    The origin of the ‘elixir of the life’ WATER is divine. The availability in a country talks about its rich natural resource of great benefit to mankind. This understanding shall bring in the improvement of people of the area and thereby improving the life style of the people. Water as an economic driver harps on the agricultural and industrial impetus of the nation. This concept depicts perpetualization of the usage factor and the benefits the people of the nations derive from the source. Water resources are the cradles of civilization from the ancient past. Enhancing better irrigational facilities with advancement to hydraulic systems, purification of available surface water through simple applications for common man’s liberation using plant products available in the area, ethno-botanical applications and developing modernized systems of saving the rich harvest of rain water by reinforcing earth’s strata are some the main essentialities that are sure to develop and improve standards of life in the Sub-Saharan Africa. The perspective is broad based that requires sustainable developmental strategies and can be worked out with governmental and non-governmental agencies. Purification of water using simple mechanisms should be taught to the people to create an awareness of the natural water content, which in most Sub-Saharan regions seems to be ‘hard water’ and further designing ways to save the rain water that is received during the rainy season, to overcome paucity and to bring forth maximized agricultural produce throughout the year should be the main concern in the developing countries of SubSaharan sector. Ultimately this paper intends to put forth viable purification processes and details on the geographical substrata where good rain harvesting systems can be constructed for future use of the Sub-Saharan Africa, taking into consideration the Zambian geographical features.